CIA: Document: Convict Labor in China Released by The Black Vault, a declassified

Document: Convict Labor in China Released by The Black Vault, a declassified CIA record from the CIA-RDP04T00367R000302530001-0 collection, approved for release on February 12, 2009. The document, dated May 4, 1984, is an intelligence appraisal from the CIA's Directorate of Intelligence, examining the use of convict labor in China. Approved For Release 2009/02/12 : CIA-RDP04T00367R000302530001-0 DIRECTORATE OF INTELLIGENCE 4 May 1984 Convict Labor in China summary We have no evidence that convict labor is used to produce export goods in China, although service in labor camps is a common Chinese sentence. Some factories using convict labor do produce articles of a type seen in export markets, but we believe that only a nominal amount, if any, of these goods are produced by penal labor. 25X41 Sentencing to labor camps or factory prisons is used extensively in China's penal systems; probably a majority of China's criminals receive labor sentences. Two broad classifications for penal labor exist: reeducation through labor and the much harsher reform through labor. Reeducation through labor is an administrative, not penal, sanction and may be applied by a number of groups, including a work unit or the local Public Security Bureau. Because it does not require a trial or judicial review, it falls under the definition of forced labor. 25X11 This memorandum was prepared by the China Division, Office of East Asian Analysis. Comments and questions are welcome and may be directed to the Chief, Domestic Policy Branch. 25X11 Approximately nine million "political" prisoners are in penal labor institutions. Exile to labor reform camps in remote areas is a common punishment for a wide variety of ordinary crimes, with several hundred thousand people sentenced in last year's crime crackdown. The largest percentage by far of convict labor is engaged in agriculture, usually in remote areas. There are some factories and mines that employ penal labor. We have no evidence that any of these produce goods for export, but some do produce goods of a type that is exported, for instance, socks or plastic sandals. Farm produce is generally consumed at the labor camps or sold locally; manufactured goods and minerals are sold at low prices to provincial enterprises or government units. Private or non-state collective enterprises do not use penal labor. 25X14 Participation in labor is not voluntary. The Chinese authorities seem to take seriously the use of labor as a reform tool. Convicts work 6 days a week, from 8-11 hours per day. Workers are paid a nominal amount, usually about two yuan (approximately US$1) per month. Basic food, rice or other grain, and vegetables, is provided. Prisoners may buy other foodstuffs or receive gifts from relatives. Living conditions in established camps are spartan, but in most camps, a living standard not unlike that in China's poor regions is maintained. Because of harsh climatic and working conditions, the death rate in some camps, especially mines, has been high. 25X11 Authorities take measures to deal with the problem, including relocation of prisoners to camps in areas where they can tolerate the climate. Discipline is strict in camps, especially the reform through labor camps. Corporal punishment is officially forbidden, but does occur. China does have a Soviet-style gulag system of camps for particularly dangerous or recalcitrant political prisoners, where food is scarce, labor is hard, and physical punishment commonplace. These camps are in the remotest areas of China and are closely guarded; labor in them is used for agricultural production, and probably construction. This is what the public record looks like at its most ordinary. Storyflo.com. Document available at https://archive.org/download/us-china-intel-CI02247/CI02247_djvu.txt.